The Scarlet Letter, The Crucible, And King s Letter From...

The Consequences of Conformity in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Miller’s The Crucible, and King’s â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† Humans have a natural tendency to conform to each other; they strive to fit in with their community and to blend in with the crowd, undoubtedly because modern society seems to have put everyone on a leash. Its harsh judgment and constant pressure forces everyone to follow each other around like sheep — compliant — staying in line in fear of the repercussions. Likewise, in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., conformity is an ongoing theme that causes the entire community to isolate Hester in The Scarlet Letter, believe in witchcraft in The Crucible, and discriminate against African Americans in â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. Hawthorne, Miller, and King all show the effects of the pressure and corruptions in the community, as well as the punishments the individuals receive as a result of conformity. In all three pieces of writing, the authors descri be the community as a powerful oppression that forces people to be obedient, simultaneously asserting that conformity ultimately leads to consequences in both the community and the individual. Pressures in the community compels everyone, even the most well-reasoned people, to be amenable and to conform to society’s standards. In The Scarlet Letter, everyone follows and complies strictly to Puritan

Studying Abroad Is Better Than Studying Local Universities

â€Å"Studying abroad is better than studying local universities†. What is your opinion? You should write at least 350 words. Illustrate your opinion with examples. Looking at the trend recently, most of the students feel that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities. As a saying goes, the grass always looks greener on the other side of the fence. However, the students have their own choices either studying in universities abroad or in local universities. They have own reason to stud locally or abroad. Both of universities, abroad or local have their own uniqueness. So, we cannot ignore the fact that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities but to study in local also has advantages. In†¦show more content†¦The price of food, transportation and accommodation is much higher abroad. So, these are the reasons why I think studying in local universities is better than studying abroad Furthermore, local universities are as good as universities abroad. Nowadays, students from outside countries also come here to study in local universities. That means that they trust our local universities which have a good quality system of education. This shows that studying locally is a right choice for our future. Besides that, our system of education is also acknowledged internationally, that is why students from other countries are studying in our local universities. We cannot deny that the quality of education in local universities is also as good as the universities abroad. Not only that, our local universities have complete facilities for students such as students’ hostel, libraries that are complete with a variety of books and materials for students to make reference and do research, Internet such as Wi-Fi and laptops or note books are prepared to make it easier for students to surf the Internet and to complete their assignment. Local universities also h ave a good quality of lecturers that have higher level of education and experience in teaching. If students are studying in local universities and they were from poor families and need more money to study they can get financial support. The Government gives financial support such as PTPTN for students to help themShow MoreRelatedLocal University Versus University Aboard1704 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween local universities or abroad universities is the best choice? There have been many opinions thrown toward this issue. So we hope that this essay will help the community to decide and then achieve a better answer upon this issue. As we know, universities are one of the facilities that have been provided by the government for several years ago. These facilities have helped a lot of students from all over the world to gain knowledge and a better experience of life. The universities educationRead MoreDisadvantages of Studying Abroad1348 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic study | 81% | 80% | 79% | 84% | 80% | Influenced subsequent educational experiences | 91% | 85% | 86% | 84% | 87% | Reinforced commitment to foreign language study | 88% | 83% | 85% | 90% | 86% | Intercultural Development | Helped me better understand my own cultural values and biases | 99% | 97% | 97% | 95% | 98% | Influenced me to seek out a greater diversity of friends | 94% | 88% | 89% | 86% | 90% | Continues to influence interactions with people from different cultures | 97%Read MoreThe Advantages of Studying Abroad Far Outweigh the Disadvantages1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe advantages of studying abroad far outweigh the disadvantages. Discuss In today’s world, a considerable number of students are not limited to study in their local countries. Instead, they choose to study abroad. This phenomenon becomes a trend especially in recent years. A variety of different attitudes have been come up with on both sides of the question. It is in this background that this essay begins by outlining the arguments for students choose to study abroad and point to the problems withRead MoreAdvantages to Studying Abroad789 Words   |  3 Pagesentered an era of information explosion which the necessity of studying abroad has turned into a developing pattern among youth. Most of the students feel that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities. As the saying goes, â€Å"the grass always looks greener on the other side of fence.† In this way, I believe that considering abroad have extraordinary points of benefits. First and foremost, from personal angle, study abroad enables students to achieve high level of maturity and independenceRead MoreInternational Students: A Vulnerable Group in Need of Self-Regulation and Community Accommodation1495 Words   |  6 PagesStudying abroad, which has become a common phenomenon, can be a fun and meaningful experience. Many university students are interested in studying abroad because it gives them an opportunity to explore different cultures and broaden their horizons. As Mark Sherry, Peter Thomas and Wing Hong Chui argue in â€Å"International Students: a Vulnerable Student Population,† the goals that students pursue international study are often to acquire different ways of learning and to improve cross-cultural understandingRead MoreCollege Students Should Study Abroad1687 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime, and that is to study abroad. Studying in a foreign country benefits the students in many ways including the opportunity to travel the world, ex perience different education styles, have numerous education and career opportunities, and experience personal development. College students should study abroad for one semester throughout their college experience. â€Å"Studying abroad may be one of the most beneficial experiences for a college student. By studying abroad, students have the opportunityRead MoreThe Benefits of Study Abroad3182 Words   |  13 PagesThe Benefits of Study Abroad New Study Confirms Significant Gains By Mary M. Dwyer, Ph.D. and Courtney K. Peters It will change your life. You’ll come back a new person.† For years, the benefits of study abroad have been described in these words. Everyone in the study abroad field believed it could greatly impact a student’s life, but the exact long-term benefits were unknown—until now. The first large-scale survey to explore the long-term impact of study abroad on a student’s personal, professionalRead MoreThe Importance Of A Foreign Country Has Changed My Life1057 Words   |  5 PagesStudying in a foreign country has been something I have desired to do since high school. My family’s financial situation has kept our adventures centralized to Ohio. I have never been presented with an opportunity to travel outside of the United States. I knew going abroad in college was my best chance to finally experience a new country and a new culture within my financial needs. Yet, I didn’t just want to go to abroad for a few weeks, I wanted to study abroad for an entire semester. I wanted toRead MoreEssay885 Words   |  4 Pagesa great program to be able to do both! In this program, the importance of following the practical guidelines is during this time the program is delegated to be responsible for an authority to develop and commensurate. The Iowa St ate campus Study Abroad Association stuff says in other words that they have time to examine and create a plan for everyone by making critical decisions. According to the Iowa State home page it states â€Å"Ames, Iowa, may seem like its a world away from South Africa. ButRead MoreDisadvantage and Advantage Studying Abroad and Locally1961 Words   |  8 PagesDisadvantages of studying abroad essay Introduction Education is very important in life. Pursuing studies abroad has been the most plausible trend nowadays for the purpose of gaining international exposures and experiential learnings. Such experience contributes in getting the best education so as to acquire the best knowledge and to obtain opportunities for employment. While also developing the individuals adaptability and independence, studying abroad expands the horizon of the students and

Gone with the Wind and Feminism Free Essays

Gone with the Wind and Feminism Posted by Miriam Bale on Sat, Mar 13, 2010 at 1:38 PM [pic] Molly Haskell, author ofFrankly, My Dear, will introduceGone with the Wind at Film Forum on Sunday afternoon. Gone with the Wind plays this weekend in Film Forum’s Victor Fleming festival, but is it really a Fleming film? Uber-producer David Selznick is the most consistent author, and Selznick doppelganger George Cukor directed a significant amount of scenes, giving this domestic war film some moments more delicate and subtle than anything else in Fleming’s oeuvre (and after macho Fleming was brought on replace the openly gay Cukor at Clark Gable’s urging, the â€Å"women’s director† went on to coach Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland on weekends, at their insistence, throughout the shoot); and Vivien Leigh gives a scarily mercurial performance in almost every scene, owning the film entirely. At the time of the film’s release, Frank Nugent in the New York Times wrote, â€Å"Is it the greatest motion picture ever made? Probably not, although it is the greatest motion mural we have ever seen. We will write a custom essay sample on Gone with the Wind and Feminism or any similar topic only for you Order Now † It’s a mural made by many hands, and the esteemed critic Molly Haskell’s latest book, Frankly My Dear: Gone with the Wind Revisited does a fabulous job of parsing out the contributions. She reveals nuggets like Howard Hawks’ supposed uncredited contribution in rewriting some of the dialogue in the last section, the battle of the sexes showdown between Rhett and Scarlett, which helps make sense why this particular section feels like an entirely different film from the historical romance of Part 1. Another uncredited writer was F. Scott Fitzgerald; Haskell’s digging suggests that what he eliminated from the film may be as important as what anyone else contributed. She also describes writer Ben Hecht maintaining as a point-of-pride that he had never nor never would read the mass-market epic romance on which the film was based—so Selznick and Fleming stayed up all night on a diet of speed and peanuts acting out the story for him (with Selznick as Scarlett and Fleming playing Melanie). Haskell’s book also focuses on the one-hit-wonder novelist Margaret Mitchell, telling the ascinating history of this flapper-turned-frumpy matron who rebelled against her serious, feminist southern belle of a mother by becoming a connoisseur and practitioner of frivolity as an art. As Mitchell’s background might suggest, Gone with the Wind is a complicated universe for a feminist to tackle. And yet this is exactly the sort of conflicted, non-PC and pre-Second Wave world of women that Haskell has consistently celebrated and examined through films, serving a unique and crucial role in American feminism. As Haskell describes this position in connection to a 1972 panel she took part in on women in film, in which Gloria Steinem deplored the scenes in Gone with the Wind of Scarlett O’Hara squeezed into a corset and Haskell then rose to defend that character as a courageous survivor: â€Å"Both of our reactions were in their own way, right. But this difference of perspective was also an early augur of the fault lines in feminism or perhaps a necessary split focus: between those predisposed to see and proclaim signs of the victimization of women in a benighted world now progressing toward enlightenment and equality and those inclined to be heartened by the contradictions—the women in the past (both real and fictional) who’d held their own in a chauvinist culture, who’d subverted the norms and gained victories not always apparent through a literal reading of the plot. Of course, just as Gone with the Wind is both tricky and rich personal territory for a southern-raised feminist like Haskell to examine, it is also difficult—even in coverage this brief—for a black feminist like myself to look at honestly. Gone with the Wind is unarguably, painfully racist, yet extraordinarily valuable for examining just how and why. The film displays insipid white stereotypes in some of the minor characters as much as it does obscenely destructive black ones, and yet the main characters Rhett and Scarlett seem to exist outside of this orbit, beyond expectations of both gender or race; identification with these two characters is widespread and complex, by all races. Just as Selznick’s Duel in the Sun inspired Laura Mulvey to overhaul her views on female identification, GWTW is ripe for looking at where racial identification splits and falls in this film, even after Haskell’s sharp, thorough and artfully written book has covered so uch intellectual and historic territory. Haskell will be on hand at 3pm screening at Film Forum on Sunday to introduce this problematic and fascinating piece of film history. She’ll also be signing copies of her book, a coup of single-work film criticism that is highly intelligent, personal and never relies on jargon or cliches. Besides her unique and crucial role i n American feminism, Haskell is also one of the best writers on film in America, and both as a critic and stylist she’s only getting better. Molly Haskell’s Feminist Take on Gone with the Wind y Melissa Silverstein on March 2, 2009 in Books Molly Haskell is the shit when it comes to writing about women’s films with a feminist perspective. There is no one better. Her book From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies is one of the best books about women in film and it was written in the 70s. (There is an a[pic]dditional chapter that covers the 70s and 80s in the paperback. ) That just goes to show you how few books have critically looked at this issue (from a non-academic perspective. Haskell has taken on one of the most beloved films Gone with the Wind in her new book Frankly My Dear which is out now. The book has gotten stellar reviews and including in the NY Times this weekend. Haskell’s argument is mounted on feminist principles that at first glance seem antithetical to a film widely regarded as prefeminist fluff. She contends that â€Å"themes centering on women† are â€Å"always an inferior subject matter to socially conscious critics of literature and film. † After 70 years of â€Å"GWTW† bashing, a creditable critic finally says, â€Å"Not so fast! Haskell gave up regular reviewing in the early ’90s, leaving criticism that seriously examined the big-screen image of women and the popular representation of female social roles to go underground — into academic studies where abstruse, tenure-seeking jargon is used to rebuff popular taste. That makes â€Å"Frankly, My Dear† all the more remarkable. It’s Haskell’s feminist perspective that provides insight into a movie most academics won’t touch and current critics dismiss. She disentangles the film’s qualities from the confounding issues of misogy ­ny, racism and intellectual snobbery. How to cite Gone with the Wind and Feminism, Papers

Edwin Powell Hubble Essay Example For Students

Edwin Powell Hubble: Essay Great Astronomer of the 19th CenturyTwinkle, twinkle little star,How I wonder what you are!Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky (Gardner 98). Stars are a marvelous wonder to many people, that is why some people spend most of their lives wondering what is above the world so high (Gardner 98). These people study and map the little twinkling stars in order to get a better meaning of them; they are astronomers. Great astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Immanuel Kant, and William Huggins, never stopped valuing the beauty of the stars. While they developed great astronomical principals. One astronomer who fits this mold most is, Edwin Powell Hubble. Wondering about what was out in the universe led to the construction of the 200-in reflector telescope, the most high-powered of its day. Using this high-powered telescope he went on to prove that there were other galaxies beside the Milky Way and was able to formulate Hubbles law, which linked the distance of galaxies to their speed. Through his work, Edwin Hubble impacted the scientific world in the twentieth century because of devotion to research, curiosity about the universe, and exp ertise at mapping galaxies. Devotion is one characteristic in Hubble that allowed him to do his work so well. Whether it was devotion to his family or to his work. It started when he was just a youth; he was in a family of seven children and was expected to earn money for the family (Whitney 222). Hubbles devotion was mental and also physical. Hubble worked at Mount Wilson for most of his career. Here, he spent hundreds of bone-numbing hours in the observers cage at Mount Wilson telescope. Anyone who has spent time in the cage knows what an extraordinary effort of will it can demand: total concentration, and an ability to suppress shivers in the constant chill, lest you vibrate the telescope. (Smoot 42). Hubbles hard work and long hours were recognized by his fellow astronomers. The author of Wrinkles in Time, George Smoot, said, Night after night Hubble photographed the nebulae, devoting himself to his goal so completely that he was perceived as arrogant and elitist (44). Unable to complete his any tasks on his own, Hubble hired an assistant. He hired Sandage. Sandage would work with Hubble and learn techniques that Hubble used to hopefully do research of his own in the future. Hubble taught Sandage how to classify galaxies so he could continue Hubbles work. As Hubble age, he was unable to use the telescope any more. He didnt have the strength or energy to stay in the cage for long periods of time. So, he sent Sandage to carry out tasks for him. Everyday Sandage would be given coordinates or jobs by Hubble. When Sandage was done recording he data of his work, he would go back to Hubble and give him the results (Overbye 22). This shows how devoted he was to his research, even if he was unable to handle the job due to old age he compromised. All of Hubbles work and Sandage work was done on the 100-in telescope, yet Hubble was still able to find the Andromeda Nebulaes distance for the Milky Way and study red shifts. While the 200-in. telescope was being built, Hubble asked if he could use the telescope for half of its available time. This shows his devotion because he wanted to use the telescope in order to further enhance his research (17). Edwin Hubbles curiosity about the universe started at youth and has grown. Without this, he would have no desire to study the stars or galaxies. Hubbles interest in astronomy at the age of eight. On his eighth birthday party he spent the night with his grandfather star gazing (Freidman 16). When he was twelve years old he would ask his parents to seep outside and look at the stars at midnight with his friend Sam Shelton (18). His grandfather asked Hubble an astronomical question, and Hubble answered it so cleverly that his grandfather had is answer published in a newspaper (Whitney 222). This was the start of his great accomplishments to come. .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .postImageUrl , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:hover , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:visited , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:active { border:0!important; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:active , .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81c69eb034b3a6d7c3ece1fa665f81df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Environmental Ethics EssayWhen Hubble was thirty years old, he worked at Wilsons Observatory to use the newly built 100-in telescope (Christianson 110). He noticed that there were faint emissions from nebulae and that he might be able to use these emissions as a ruler; from star to the Milky Way. He studied these emissions and concluded that they were blue stars. With this knowledge, he was able to use these stars in aiding him to measure their distances (Whitney 225). He was fascinated by Henrietta Leavitts work on Cepheids and he had to do his own research on them. Although finding the Cepheids in the galaxies were easier said than done, Hubble had to find them in remote galaxies. What he could find would enable him to get the calculations correct for measuring distances of nebulae away from the Milky Way (Moore 104). In this way Hubbles curiosity had a great impact on his career as an astronomer. In addition, Hubble had a talent that other astronomers lacked. This ability was mapping galaxies. He was able to calculate distances by using certain stars as and then finding where the galaxies were based on their distance from the Milky Way. He broke galaxies up into classes and gave them names depending on their appearance. There was one thing that limited Hubbles research, which was the telescope. The 100-in. telescope was not powerful enough to satisfy Hubbles need to explore the universe. Hubble used groups of bright stars, candles in the sky, to calculate the distances of the galaxies. First he had to choose what stars to use. It was all based on statistics, he would look at a group of stars and choose the brightest ones from that group. This was because he was have a more exact calculation with a lot of stars instead of one and because the brighter it is the easier it is seen to measure the distance of distant galaxies (Dressler 27). With this knowledge he put together the H ubbles Law, which said velocity equals Hubbles constant times the distance. There were many types of galaxies that Hubble studied. He was able to put them all in separate classifications. Three general groups were spiral, elliptical, and lenticular. These galaxies were classified by their shape, size and the way that they morphed. The galaxies were also split into galactic or nongalactic. Hubble found that he could further classify galaxies by using the Franhoter lines, like finger printing to distinguish types of galaxies and the make up of the stars in the galaxies. He observed and mapped the galaxies in a systematical way. Hubble was an expert at using the telescope. This was the key to mapping galaxies. Other scientist said The Hooker was put to its finest use by Edwin P. Hubble during the 1970s. (Boslough). Hubble looked at one picture for thirty minutes before taking it in order for it to come out detailed. Being devoted to his research, curious about the universe, and having the expertise at mapping galaxies enabled Hubble to impact the scientific world of the twentieth century. He had constant effort that kept him on the right track. His go out and get it attitude allowed him to reach and finish his goals. In addition, his curious mind that was ready to be filled with knowledge and his skills at mapping galaxies and breaking them into categories. Hubble was able to impact the scientific world and also able to give the scientific world a big leap to exploring the universe. BibliographyAlter, Dinsmore, Clarence H. Cleminsha, and John G. Phillips. The Nebulae of Our Galaxy. Pictorial Astronomy. 4th rev. Ed. New York: Crowell, 1974. .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .postImageUrl , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:hover , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:visited , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:active { border:0!important; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:active , .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3 .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1bbebc5ca7d9b2f01f96672797de21a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: German Review Of Benjamin Barber EssayBoslough, John. Stephen Hawkings Universe: An Introduction to the most remarkable Scientist of Our Time. New York: Morrow, 1984. Branley, Franklyn.The Milky Way: Galaxy Number One. New York: Crowell: 1969. Christian, Gale E. Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae. New York: Farrows, 1995. Dressler, Alan. Voyage to the Great Attractor: Exploring Intergalactic Space. New York: KNOPF, 1995. Filkin, David. Stephen Hawkings Universe: The Cosmos Explained. New York: Basic, 1997. Gleiser, Marcalo. The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang. New York: Dutton, 1997. Goudwin, Simon. Hubbles Universe. New York: Penguin, 1997. Greenstein, George. The symbolic Universe: Life and Mind in the Cosmos. New York: Morrow, 1988. Hawkings, Stephen W.A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bangs to Black Holes. New York: Bantams, 1988. Smoot, George. Wrinkles in Time. New York: Morrow, 1993. Whitney, Charles A. The Discovery of Our Galaxy. Ames: Iowa State UP, 1988.